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Exploring the science
The Future of Fatherhood, Part 3
Focus on: The State of Fatherhood
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January 1, 2019
The Future of Fatherhood, Part 2
Focus on: Fertility — Not Just A Woman’s Issue
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January 1, 2019
The Future of Fatherhood, Part 1
Focus on: The Male Fertility Crisis
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January 1, 2019
Scientists have discovered a “sperm sensor” molecule that could improve fertility
Yale researchers identified a molecule critical to sperm's ability to reach and fertilize an egg.
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March 17, 2020
New study highlights potential impact of steroids
According to Professor Pacey, roughly 9 in 10 anabolic steroid users “are likely to become sterile."
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March 17, 2020
Experts say the male fertility crisis is now “alarming”
Male sperm counts have dropped 50% in four decades, raising urgent fertility concerns.
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March 17, 2020
Can common household products harm fertility?
New study indicates that the effects of two chemicals could be negative for sperm.
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March 17, 2020
Using stem cells to preserve male fertility
A 2019 study shows freezing testicular tissue preserves fertility, though no protocol yet exists to extract sperm from it.
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March 17, 2020
Aging in reverse: Babies and older fathers
Delaying parenthood carries health risks, but medical advances may make waiting worthwhile for prospective parents.
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March 17, 2020
New Harvard study analyzes connections between diet and male fertility
Exercise and diet both matter for weight management, but nutrition habits are more important than workout intensity.
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March 17, 2020
Newcastle study discovers a gene that could be a breakthrough in male fertility
Understanding genetics' role in fertility empowers informed decisions about your health and family planning.
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March 17, 2020
Harvard study finds marijuana use is linked with higher sperm concentrations
As marijuana legalization spreads across U.S. states, questions about its health benefits and risks are intensifying.
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March 17, 2020
Study uncovers one cause of male infertility hidden for 150 years
New research finds the motile cilia in a man’s testes actually beat with constant changes in direction.
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March 17, 2020
Gene editing: Questions of ethics and standards
UPenn researchers began a 2018 human trial using gene editing to equip immune cells to fight three cancer types.
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March 17, 2020
Chlorine and male fertility
A 2011 paper demonstrated a link between the use of chlorinated pools and decreased testicular function.
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March 17, 2020
Christianity and fertility care
Major Christian denominations differ on fertility treatment: Protestants allow most procedures but ban donation, Catholics perm...
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March 17, 2020
Fertility in Kenya: A falling birth rate, shifting demographics, and allocation of government resources
Kenya's fertility rate dropped from eight to four children per woman over four decades, leading East Africa in decline.
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March 17, 2020
Fertility in Spain: The “go-to” country for fertility treatments
Spain's 2006 law allows all women over 18 to access IVF and insemination, unlike France's restrictions on single and same-sex c...
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March 17, 2020
Fertility in Egypt: A country of 100M
Egypt's birth rate spiked nine months after the 2011 Arab Spring, reflecting a private revolution amid public upheaval.
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March 17, 2020
Chemicals, the alarm bell of male fertility
Men exposed to phthalates and other toxic chemicals face greater fertility risks than women, according to a 2014 study in Ferti...
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March 17, 2020
Flying, skiing, and hiking: The link between high altitude and male fertility
High altitude's low oxygen and rapid dehydration may reduce male fertility, affecting aircraft personnel and frequent flyers di...
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March 17, 2020
Fertility in South Korea: On “loner culture” and the “birth strike”
South Korea's densely populated youth increasingly prioritize solitude over collective gatherings, defying traditional Asian va...
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March 17, 2020
Fertility in the USA: The impact of prescription medication
Over half of Americans take prescription medications daily, though not all deliver their intended benefits.
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March 17, 2020
Fertility in Germany: The lowest birthrate in the world
Germany's birth rate, once among the world's lowest, has recently improved, ranking 213th out of 226 countries.
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March 17, 2020
Harvard studies effect of obesity on male fertility
Obesity and Male Fertility – Harvard Study Review Concludes Excess Weight a Threat to Sperm Production.
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March 17, 2020
Islam and fertility care
Islam permits infertile couples to pursue fertility treatments like IVF, provided the procedures are for their own use only.
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March 17, 2020
Judaism and fertility care
Jewish faith encourages procreation, and while IVF is generally permitted, approval varies across Orthodox, Conservative, and R...
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March 17, 2020
Parental age on the rise in US cities
First-time mothers are older in major cities like New York and San Francisco but younger in rural areas like the South and Grea...
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March 17, 2020
Harvard study examines underwear’s effect on fertility
A 2018 study of 656 men found that underwear type correlated with testicular function markers.
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March 17, 2020
Fertility in Brazil: Is Zika a risk?
Hope Solo faced backlash from Rio crowds over her social media warnings about the Zika virus during the 2016 Olympics.
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March 17, 2020
Fertility in China: Examining cultural and environmental barriers to conception
China's One-Child Policy, enforced from 1979, created unintended problems despite aiming to control population growth.
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March 17, 2020
Unexpected risks to male fertility
Vehicle exhaust, antihistamines, and soft drinks can all harm your fertility in ways you might not realize.
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March 17, 2020
Epigenetic inheritance: Can fathers pass on experiences through their genes?
Throughout history, playwrights have explored whether children inherit their parents' moral failings alongside physical traits.
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March 17, 2020
Future possibilities in cryogenic storage
Walt Disney's visionary creations predicted future scientific and societal advances, inspiring stories about his imaginative ge...
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March 17, 2020
The rise of “coronababies”: COVID-19 pandemic and fertility trends
COVID-19 concerns are reshaping family planning decisions as people weigh pandemic risks to pregnancy and newborn health.
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March 30, 2020
INTERVIEW: Halle Tecco, Natalist founder & CEO
Legacy partnered with Natalist to discuss fertility testing options, with CEO Khaled Kteily interviewing Natalist CEO Halle Tecco.
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June 17, 2020
Will COVID-19 affect male fertility?
Legacy's male fertility experts discuss current COVID-19 research on male fertility, pregnancy, and family planning.
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November 23, 2020
The Future of Fatherhood & Fertility, 2021
Examining last year's fertility trends amid the pandemic to forecast 2021 predictions.
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January 1, 2021
Air pollution and male fertility
A Chinese study of 10,000 couples links air pollution to infertility, but doesn't explain the mechanism.
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February 26, 2021
Do the COVID-19 vaccines affect male fertility?
Men question if COVID-19 vaccines affect fertility; we've compiled the evidence to help you decide.
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July 19, 2021
How wildfires may affect sperm quality
Learn what male birth control options are available now, and new options you may have in the future.
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September 6, 2021
How sperm health affects embryo quality
High-quality embryos boost IVF success, but sperm health significantly influences embryo quality.
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January 24, 2022
Does the sperm choose the egg — or does the egg choose the sperm?
Eggs may actively select sperm based on genetic compatibility rather than passively waiting for the strongest swimmer to win.
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May 5, 2022
Racial disparities in fertility health
Racial disparities in fertility include higher miscarriage rates and abnormal sperm parameters among certain groups.
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May 7, 2022
How where you live can affect your fertility: environmental- and location-based impacts
Your environment may affect your fertility; learn how location impacts your ability to build a family.
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June 6, 2022
How endocrine disruptors affect male fertility
Learn about endocrine disruptors, their impact on male fertility, and practical ways to minimize your exposure.
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August 5, 2022
Cleaner cleaning: Reduce exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and improve fertility
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals everywhere may harm fertility; learn their sources, effects, and how to reduce exposure with saf...
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August 9, 2022
New study finds frozen sperm is as effective as “fresh” for IUI
Researchers found that frozen sperm performs equally as well as fresh sperm in intrauterine insemination procedures.
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August 31, 2022
Research confirms paternal age affects a couple’s fertility and IVF success rates
Paternal age may significantly affect ART success and live birth rates more than previously believed, according to recent resea...
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September 14, 2022
Oxidative stress and male fertility
Oxidative stress reduces male fertility by damaging sperm; testing and reducing free radicals can improve reproductive health.
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October 7, 2022
History of sperm freezing
Discover sperm freezing history, pricing, and Legacy's flexible freezing plans.
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October 19, 2022
New research from Legacy validates at-home, mail-in sperm DNA fragmentation testing
Halosperm DNA fragmentation analysis maintains comparable accuracy in shipped versus fresh sperm samples.
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November 7, 2022
What is sperm hyperactivation?
Sperm hyperactivation is a critical step enabling fertilization; here's how it works and how it's tested.
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November 15, 2022
Should you postpone fertility treatment after COVID infection?
COVID infection may affect fertility treatment, so we address concerns about COVID, vaccines, and their potential impacts on yo...
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November 23, 2022
2022 study confirms male fertility is still declining — and the decline may be accelerating
A 2022 study shows male fertility is declining globally and accelerating; here's how to improve sperm health.
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November 30, 2022
New research finds that the highest quality semen samples are collected mid-day
New research debates the time of day when sperm count is highest, and the best time of day to get pregnant.
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December 8, 2022
Is there really a male fertility crisis?
Male fertility is declining worldwide—here's what you need to know and how to protect your reproductive health.
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December 14, 2022
The connection between nature and sperm quality
Explore the connection between nature and sperm quality and how proximity to green space can improve male fertility.
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December 16, 2022
History of fertility testing
Modern fertility testing, developed through centuries of research, helps you understand your fertility and improve your overall...
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December 24, 2022
Climate change and male fertility
Climate change and environmental factors negatively impact sperm quality and male fertility.
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February 10, 2023
Hyperspermia and fertility
Hyperspermia, characterized by abnormally high semen volume, may affect fertility and reproductive health.
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February 20, 2023
Fertility coverage in the United States
Does insurance cover IVF? Find out about different types of fertility coverage you may be entitled to.
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February 22, 2023
Using your FSA or HSA to pay for fertility testing and treatment
Learn how FSAs and HSAs cover fertility services including sperm testing, IVF, and sperm freezing.
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February 27, 2023
THE SPERM REPORT: Legacy & Carrot explore what Americans know about sperm in 2023
The 2023 Sperm Report reveals fertility misconceptions and how family planning has shifted, based on nearly 3,000 respondents.
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March 7, 2023
THE SPERM REPORT: Legacy & Carrot survey finds most people don’t know what affects male fertility
Male fertility is impacted by several factors that many don't understand, but we'll explain them here.
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March 8, 2023
THE SPERM REPORT: Legacy & Carrot survey reveals a knowledge gap around age and male fertility
Understanding delayed parenthood's impact on male fertility is crucial as average parental ages rise globally.
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March 9, 2023
THE SPERM REPORT: Legacy & Carrot survey reveals hormone therapy patients aren’t being informed about fertility risks
Hormone therapy access is increasing, but education on its fertility impacts lags behind—explore preservation options.
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March 10, 2023
Legacy and Carrot survey: Most people want fertility benefits
Most people believe employers should offer fertility benefits, and the good news is they increasingly are.
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March 13, 2023
What is a normal sperm count?
Normal sperm count is essential for fertility; learn how to test your semen and improve your sperm health.
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March 30, 2023
Physical labor is linked to semen health, new research finds
Physical labor and exercise affect male fertility by influencing sperm count and testosterone levels.
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April 23, 2023
Research reveals microplastics present in all testicles studied
Researchers discovered microplastics in human and canine testicles, raising concerns about male fertility.
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May 30, 2024
Studies finds dad’s diet can affect his sperm and his sons’ metabolism
Paternal diet affects sperm quality and son's metabolism, with high-fat diets linked to reduced sperm health.
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June 14, 2024
5 ways to reduce microplastics in your body and protect your sperm
Microplastics permeate our environment and bodies, infiltrating water, food, and air while accumulating in nearly every organ.
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May 5, 2025
Antioxidant in blueberries may protect male fertility from microplastics, research suggests
Diet rich in anthocyanins from dark plants may protect male fertility from microplastic damage.
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May 15, 2025
Average age of fathers in the United States: Paternal age trends in the latest data (2026)
American fathers are getting older, with men delaying parenthood for decades—explore 2026 average paternal ages across major US...
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February 27, 2026