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Top 4 fertility protocols for men on testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)

Top 4 fertility protocols for men on testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)

Can sperm count recover after TRT? Maybe, but it’s not guaranteed.
Revised on
March 19, 2026
Hormone health
Can my partner help me produce a sample for sperm testing?

Can my partner help me produce a sample for sperm testing?

Semen samples for sperm testing should be produced via masturbation with no lube or saliva.
Revised on
March 19, 2026
Semen analysis & advanced sperm testing
The cost of sperm freezing and banking

The cost of sperm freezing and banking

Sperm freezing in the US typically costs $500–$1,000, varying by duration and number of samples.
Revised on
March 19, 2026
All about sperm freezing
liquid nitrogen storage tube

How to use your frozen sperm with Legacy

Learn how to withdraw sperm with Legacy, understand the costs, and explore your frozen sperm storage options.
Revised on
March 4, 2026
All about sperm freezing
Man around - male fertility after 35

Male fertility after age 35: What changes (and what doesn’t)?

Male fertility declines with age too, though less sharply than female fertility.
Revised on
March 2, 2026
Trying to conceive
A modern man’s guide to family planning

A modern man’s guide to family planning

Men today thoughtfully balance careers and relationships while planning fatherhood, with fertility options like sperm freezing ...
Revised on
February 27, 2026
Trying to conceive
Average age of fathers in the United States: Paternal age trends in the latest data (2026)

Average age of fathers in the United States: Paternal age trends in the latest data (2026)

American fathers are getting older, with men delaying parenthood for decades—explore 2026 average paternal ages across major US...
Revised on
February 27, 2026
Exploring the science
An estradiol patch to answer the question: Can trans women recover fertility after gender-affirming hormone therapy? A provider’s guide to the research

Can trans women recover fertility after gender-affirming hormone therapy? A provider’s guide to the research

Fertility recovery after stopping gender-affirming hormone therapy varies based on treatment duration and individual factors.
Revised on
November 5, 2025
LGBTQ+ family building
Sperm testing & freezing for the military

Legacy partners with Upstream Fertility to support fertility pilot for active-duty service members and Veterans

Upstream launches a pilot program to measure sperm health improvements after 10 weeks of personalized coaching.
Revised on
October 7, 2025
Company announcement
Personalized supplements for health, vitality, and fertility: Q&A with Dean Kelly, CEO of Gainful

Personalized supplements for health, vitality, and fertility: Q&A with Dean Kelly, CEO of Gainful

Dean Kelly leads Gainful, a clean supplement brand known for transparency, zero artificial sweeteners, and rigorous testing.
Revised on
June 24, 2025
Company announcement
medication for male fertility

Medication for male fertility

Infertility treatments like sperm-boosting drugs and supplements can help improve male fertility issues.
Revised on
June 13, 2025
Dealing with infertility
antibiotics and sperm quality

Antibiotics and sperm quality

Some antibiotics may impair sperm quality or cause infertility, so understanding their effects on male fertility is important.
Revised on
June 11, 2025
Dealing with infertility
Age and male fertility

Age and male fertility

Men's fertility declines with age just like women's, despite stories of older fathers suggesting otherwise.
Revised on
June 6, 2025
Considering a vasectomy
How long do sperm last?

How long does sperm last?

Sperm can survive 3-5 days in the female reproductive system, meaning conception is possible several days before ovulation.
Revised on
June 6, 2025
All about sperm freezing
Physician speaking with transgender female patient

Up-to-date guidelines for fertility preservation in gender-affirming care patients

Gender-affirming hormone therapy may affect fertility, so patients need early counseling on reproductive options and preservati...
Revised on
June 5, 2025
LGBTQ+ family building
Clear or watery semen: What does it mean?

Clear or watery semen: What does it mean?

Watery or clear semen could be a sign of low sperm counts, or could occur because of lifestyle choices or poor nutrition.
Revised on
June 5, 2025
Sexual health
caffeine and male fertility

How caffeine affects male fertility

Daily coffee drinkers should know how caffeine impacts male fertility, sperm health, and safe consumption limits.
Revised on
June 4, 2025
Improving sperm health
ubiquinol vs. ubiquinone

Ubiquinol vs. ubiquinone: which version of CoQ10 is superior?

Learn the key differences between ubiquinol and ubiquinone CoQ10 and whether either improves fertility.
Revised on
June 3, 2025
Improving sperm health
How much semen does it take to get pregnant?

How much semen does it take to get pregnant?

During ejaculation, men release semen containing sperm, but does the volume matter for conception?
Revised on
May 31, 2025
Male fertility basics
Fever and sperm quality

How fever affects sperm quality and production

Fever from flu, COVID-19, or illness can harm sperm health and fertility long after you recover.
Revised on
May 23, 2025
Improving sperm health
Icing the testicles

Can icing the testicles improve fertility?

Does ice on testicles boost fertility? Here's what fertility experts say about testicular cooling.
Revised on
May 21, 2025
Improving sperm health
Does masturbation affect male fertility?

Does masturbation affect male fertility?

Frequent masturbation doesn't significantly impact male fertility or conception chances.
Revised on
May 20, 2025
Improving sperm health
Antioxidant in blueberries may protect male fertility from microplastics, research suggests

Antioxidant in blueberries may protect male fertility from microplastics, research suggests

Diet rich in anthocyanins from dark plants may protect male fertility from microplastic damage.
Revised on
May 15, 2025
Environmental impact on fertility
How often should you have sex when you’re trying to conceive?

How often should you have sex when you’re trying to conceive?

The ideal frequency for intercourse while trying to conceive depends on your specific situation and fertility goals.
Revised on
May 14, 2025
Trying to conceive
Microplastics in straw — How to reduce microplastics in your body — Use less plastic

5 ways to reduce microplastics in your body and protect your sperm

Microplastics permeate our environment and bodies, infiltrating water, food, and air while accumulating in nearly every organ.
Revised on
May 5, 2025
Environmental impact on fertility
What is normal sperm motility?

What is normal sperm motility?

Sperm motility affects fertility, and understanding how to test and improve it is key to conception success.
Revised on
November 4, 2024
Semen analysis & advanced sperm testing
What is normal sperm morphology?

What is normal sperm morphology?

Normal sperm morphology matters for fertility; here's how shape affects conception and tips for low morphology cases.
Revised on
November 1, 2024
Male fertility basics
Is semen retention beneficial for fertility?

Is semen retention beneficial for fertility?

Semen retention may affect fertility, testosterone, and health—here's what the science actually shows.
Revised on
October 31, 2024
Sexual health
Is there a connection between penis size and male fertility?

Is there a connection between penis size and male fertility?

Penis size doesn't affect fertility, despite a 2021 study suggesting a correlation between length and infertility.
Revised on
October 2, 2024
Sexual health
Trans woman sits at table with a drink, discussing can transgender women produce sperm

Can transgender women produce sperm?

The science behind transgender women's fertility and sperm production, plus expert guidance on preservation options.
Revised on
August 26, 2024
LGBTQ+ family building
Study finds PFAS in condoms and lube, prompting concerns about sperm and overall health

Study finds PFAS in condoms and lube, prompting concerns about sperm and overall health

PFAS chemicals found in condoms and lubricants pose health risks including fertility damage and other serious conditions.
Revised on
August 23, 2024
Environmental impact on fertility
IUI vs. IVF: Understanding fertility treatments

IUI vs. IVF: Understanding fertility treatments

IUI and IVF are assisted reproduction methods that differ in complexity and address different infertility types.
Revised on
August 21, 2024
Dealing with infertility
How many men regret their vasectomy?

How many men regret their vasectomy?

While vasectomy regret is rare, many men later confirm it was right, so consider carefully before proceeding.
Revised on
August 16, 2024
Considering a vasectomy
Are short shorts bad for your sperm?

Are short shorts bad for your sperm?

2024 is the summer of short shorts. But could this trend be affecting testicular health and sperm production?
Revised on
August 12, 2024
Male fertility basics
Person measuring wood block representing penis size, exploring if TRT increases penile growth

Can taking testosterone increase penis size?

Can you take TRT for penile growth? What’s the connection between testosterone and penis size? Here’s what science says.
Revised on
August 8, 2024
Hormone health
Why every athletic guy should freeze his sperm

Why every athletic guy should freeze his sperm

If you’re an athlete or intense exerciser, testing and freezing your sperm now can preserve your optimal fertility.
Revised on
August 8, 2024
All about sperm freezing
Legacy vs. a sperm bank

Legacy vs. a sperm bank

Legacy offers modern sperm testing and freezing services with advantages over traditional sperm banks.
Revised on
July 31, 2024
No items found.
Is Noah Lyles’ training routine good for sperm?

Is Noah Lyles’ training routine good for sperm?

Noah Lyles' daily routine and lifestyle choices may impact fertility—should you follow his lead for optimal sperm health?
Revised on
July 26, 2024
Improving sperm health
Is Jayson Tatum’s training routine good for sperm?

Is Jayson Tatum’s training routine good for sperm?

Jayson Tatum's lifestyle choices like avoiding fried foods and managing stress may positively impact male fertility.
Revised on
July 25, 2024
Improving sperm health
Is Caeleb Dressel’s training routine good for sperm?

Is Caeleb Dressel’s training routine good for sperm?

Lifestyle factors like diet, sleep, and exercise significantly affect sperm health, as seen in athlete Caeleb Dressel's daily r...
Revised on
July 25, 2024
Improving sperm health
A chilled can of Mountain Dew soda placed outdoors, often linked to myths about lowering sperm count and its impact on male fertility.

Soda and sperm health: Does drinking soda affect fertility?

Soda may harm male fertility due to sugar, caffeine, and artificial sweeteners, according to recent research.
Revised on
July 8, 2024
Improving sperm health
What is testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)?

What is testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)?

Testosterone replacement therapy treats low testosterone in men through various methods, offering benefits and risks you should...
Revised on
July 1, 2024
Testosterone & TRT
Scalpel vs. no-scalpel vasectomy

Scalpel vs. no-scalpel vasectomy

Learn the key differences between traditional and no-scalpel vasectomies, including recovery times and eligibility requirements.
Revised on
June 24, 2024
Considering a vasectomy
Does a vasectomy hurt?

Does a vasectomy hurt?

Fear of pain shouldn't prevent you from getting a vasectomy, which causes minimal discomfort despite being a surgical procedure.
Revised on
June 21, 2024
Considering a vasectomy
How does masturbation affect testosterone levels?

How does masturbation affect testosterone levels?

Does masturbation lower testosterone? We explore the research and share tips for boosting low T levels.
Revised on
June 18, 2024
Hormone health
Studies finds dad’s diet can affect his sperm and his sons’ metabolism

Studies finds dad’s diet can affect his sperm and his sons’ metabolism

Paternal diet affects sperm quality and son's metabolism, with high-fat diets linked to reduced sperm health.
Revised on
June 14, 2024
Exploring the science
Alternatives to testosterone replacement therapy

Alternatives to testosterone replacement therapy

Explore alternatives to testosterone replacement therapy, the standard hypogonadism treatment.
Revised on
June 14, 2024
Hormone health
How to increase testosterone naturally

How to increase testosterone naturally

Learn how to naturally boost low testosterone through lifestyle changes and when testosterone replacement therapy might be nece...
Revised on
June 11, 2024
Hormone health
Does a vasectomy lower your testosterone?

Does a vasectomy lower your testosterone?

Vasectomy does not lower testosterone or affect hormone levels, according to research.
Revised on
June 7, 2024
Considering a vasectomy
Can vasectomies fail?

Can vasectomies fail?

Let’s take a look at the risk of vasectomy failure, and what you can do post-procedure to ensure your vasectomy is successful.
Revised on
June 6, 2024
Considering a vasectomy
Study finds pesticide glyphosate in more than half of semen samples

Study finds pesticide glyphosate in more than half of semen samples

Glyphosate, a common crop pesticide, was found in over half of semen samples and may affect male fertility.
Revised on
June 4, 2024
Environmental impact on fertility
What to expect when you start testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)

What to expect when you start testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)

Low testosterone? Your doctor may recommend TRT; here's what to expect from testosterone replacement therapy.
Revised on
May 31, 2024
Hormone health
Research reveals microplastics present in all testicles studied

Research reveals microplastics present in all testicles studied

Researchers discovered microplastics in human and canine testicles, raising concerns about male fertility.
Revised on
May 30, 2024
Environmental impact on fertility
Low testosterone warning signs

Low testosterone warning signs

Low testosterone may cause fatigue and reduced sex drive; discover how low T affects your body.
Revised on
May 24, 2024
Testosterone & TRT
Testosterone myths and misconceptions

Testosterone myths and misconceptions

Discover the truth about testosterone myths by exploring the latest research on this vital hormone for men's health.
Revised on
May 24, 2024
Hormone health
Can a vasectomy be reversed? Vasectomy reversal success rates and more

Can a vasectomy be reversed? Vasectomy reversal success rates and more

Vasectomy reversal can restore fertility, but success isn't guaranteed; here's what you need to know.
Revised on
May 22, 2024
Considering a vasectomy
Can a carnivore diet improve testosterone or sperm health?

Can a carnivore diet improve testosterone or sperm health?

Claims that meat-only diets boost testosterone and fertility in men lack scientific evidence.
Revised on
May 17, 2024
Hormone health
How a vasectomy works

How a vasectomy works

Vasectomy step by step: How a vasectomy works and the process of preparing for a vasectomy.
Revised on
May 15, 2024
No items found.
Study finds young men’s testosterone levels are dropping

Study finds young men’s testosterone levels are dropping

Recent research shows testosterone levels are declining in young men; here's what's driving it and why it matters for health.
Revised on
May 14, 2024
Testosterone & TRT
Vasectomy myths and misconceptions

Vasectomy myths and misconceptions

Vasectomy is a common birth control procedure surrounded by myths—here's what you actually need to know.
Revised on
May 13, 2024
Considering a vasectomy
From CEO Khaled Kteily: “My Legacy founder’s journey, in sperm”

From CEO Khaled Kteily: “My Legacy founder’s journey, in sperm”

CEO Khaled Kteily reviews two years of sperm test results and how his lifestyle and career impact his sperm quality.
Revised on
April 29, 2024
Company announcement
The United States of sperm

The United States of sperm

The best and worst states for sperm health, according to Legacy’s proprietary database, the largest dataset of its kind.
Revised on
April 26, 2024
Environmental impact on fertility
Supporting your partner through a diagnosis of female-factor infertility

Supporting your partner through a diagnosis of female-factor infertility

If your partner is facing a diagnosis of female-factor infertility, there’s a lot you can do to help.
Revised on
April 25, 2024
Dealing with infertility
Your sperm questions, answered

Your sperm questions, answered

If I do a semen analysis, will it come back stamped “FERTILE” or “INFERTILE”? and more sperm testing and freezing questions.
Revised on
March 29, 2024
All about sperm freezing
Man watches March Madness games after getting a vasectomy

The connection between vasectomies and March Madness

Vasectomy rates are rising year-round, so consider freezing your sperm before scheduling the procedure.
Revised on
March 26, 2024
Considering a vasectomy
Fatherhood after 60

Fatherhood after 60

Explore the pros and cons of fatherhood after 60 and what you should know about male fertility at an older age.
Revised on
January 17, 2024
Trying to conceive
The two-week wait

The two-week wait

Navigate the two-week wait after conception with guidance to understand pregnancy testing and manage the anxious anticipation.
Revised on
January 14, 2024
Dealing with infertility
How weight loss medications may affect male fertility

How weight loss medications may affect male fertility

What you need to know about weight loss medications such as Ozempic, Wegovy, and Mounjaro and male fertility.
Revised on
January 2, 2024
No items found.
Fatherhood after 50

Fatherhood after 50

Explore the pros and cons of fatherhood after 50 and what challenges you may face when trying to become an older dad.
Revised on
December 22, 2023
All about sperm freezing
Why is September the most common birth month?

Why is September the most common birth month?

Why is December the most common month to get pregnant? Learn how seasonality affects fertility.
Revised on
December 11, 2023
Environmental impact on fertility
Does sperm freezing affect sperm quality?

Does sperm freezing affect sperm quality?

Discover sperm cryopreservation: how freezing compares to fresh sperm and its impact on sperm quality.
Revised on
December 8, 2023
All about sperm freezing
Common vasectomy questions, answered

Common vasectomy questions, answered

Common vasectomy questions: Is it painful, and what happens to sperm after the procedure?
Revised on
July 7, 2023
Considering a vasectomy
Horny goat weed male fertility

Horny goat weed for male fertility

Horny goat weed, used in traditional Chinese medicine for millennia, may support male fertility.
Revised on
April 29, 2023
Improving sperm health
IVF myths and misconceptions 

IVF myths and misconceptions 

Let’s explore the truth about IVF success rates, whether IVF means you’ll have twins, and who IVF is right for.
Revised on
April 27, 2023
Dealing with infertility
Coping during fertility treatment

How to cope during fertility treatment: evidence-based strategies

Infertility affects mental health; here are coping strategies for fertility treatment.
Revised on
April 25, 2023
Dealing with infertility
Physical labor is linked to semen health, new research finds

Physical labor is linked to semen health, new research finds

Physical labor and exercise affect male fertility by influencing sperm count and testosterone levels.
Revised on
April 23, 2023
Exploring the science
Tennis player holding two balls in his hand on court. Hit in the balls

“Hit in the balls”: How testicular impact could affect fertility

Learn how testicular impact affects fertility, prevention strategies, and treatment options for injuries.
Revised on
April 21, 2023
No items found.
Delayed ejaculation: What to do when you’re trying to conceive

Delayed ejaculation: What to do when you’re trying to conceive

Delayed ejaculation, a temporary or lasting condition, can impact fertility and has various treatments available.
Revised on
April 19, 2023
Sexual health
Vitamin D and male fertility

Vitamin D and male fertility

Vitamin D for male fertility: what is it, and what are the benefits? Should you take vitamin D if you’re trying to conceive?
Revised on
April 15, 2023
Improving sperm health
Painful erection or sex

Painful erection or sex

Learn what causes painful erections and sex, plus tips for successful conception.
Revised on
April 13, 2023
Dealing with infertility
Peyronie’s disease

Peyronie’s disease

Find out what causes Peyronie’s disease, how it compares to normal penis curvature, and what the condition means for fertility.
Revised on
April 11, 2023
Dealing with infertility
What is “whiskey dick”? How alcohol affects sexual function

What is “whiskey dick”? How alcohol affects sexual function

Everything you need to know about alcohol-induced erectile dysfunction — AKA “whiskey dick.”
Revised on
April 9, 2023
Sexual health
Blue twisted rope isolated representing testicular torsion

Testicular torsion and male fertility

Testicular torsion twists the spermatic cord, potentially affecting fertility—learn about its impacts and treatment options.
Revised on
April 7, 2023
No items found.
Can “cold plunging” really improve male fertility and testosterone levels?

Can “cold plunging” really improve male fertility and testosterone levels?

Explore research around cold plunges — and whether an ice bath can really improve sperm health or testosterone levels.
Revised on
April 5, 2023
Hormone health
Doctor holding stethoscope

Meet Legacy’s clinical team

Legacy’s clinical team consists of healthcare specialists in urology and andrology who are passionate about fertility health.
Revised on
April 3, 2023
Legacy's process
mail packages at the doorstep, is mail-in sperm testing and freezing accurate

Is mail-in sperm testing and freezing accurate and reliable?

Preservation solution, temperature control, and certified labs deliver accuracy without sacrificing convenience.
Revised on
April 1, 2023
All about sperm freezing
balloons scattered against the sky; normal sperm count

What is a normal sperm count?

Normal sperm count is essential for fertility; learn how to test your semen and improve your sperm health.
Revised on
March 30, 2023
Dealing with infertility
Assorted supplement pills, tablets and capsules for fertility on wooden spoon

Which male fertility supplement is right for me?

This guide helps you choose the right vitamins if you're struggling with infertility.
Revised on
March 28, 2023
Improving sperm health
At home sperm test kit

How at-home sperm testing works

Learn about how you can test your fertility and receive clinic-grade results without ever needing to leave your home.
Revised on
March 26, 2023
Dealing with infertility
Sperm tubes are placed in bank for storage. How much sperm to freeze

How much sperm should I freeze?

Learn more about the factors that impact the amount of sperm you should freeze.
Revised on
March 24, 2023
All about sperm freezing
Doctor explaining and giving a consultation to a patient on the ethics of ICSI

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): Ethical and medical considerations

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI); the history, ethics, pros, and cons.
Revised on
March 22, 2023
Dealing with infertility
Microscope of reproductive medicine clinic fertilizing egg outside female body through ICSI

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): What is it, and who’s a good candidate?

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) benefits, success rate, and treatment cost.
Revised on
March 20, 2023
Dealing with infertility
A male partner’s guide to ovulation testing

A male partner’s guide to ovulation testing

Understanding ovulation timing improves your chances of conception—here's what men need to know.
Revised on
March 18, 2023
Trying to conceive
Echinacea and male fertility

Echinacea and male fertility

How does echinacea affect male fertility and sperm health? Are there echinacea benefits for men?
Revised on
March 16, 2023
Improving sperm health
Male hand holding plus icon on blue background. Plus sign virtual means to offer benefits like healthcare and coverage for fertility treatments

Legacy and Carrot survey: Most people want fertility benefits

Most people believe employers should offer fertility benefits, and the good news is they increasingly are.
Revised on
March 13, 2023
Company announcement
close up of hands with scalpel preparing for vasectomy

Legacy and Carrot survey confirms the impact of abortion restrictions on vasectomy and family planning

With abortion access in the U.S. under scrutiny, many are looking to vasectomies as a way to prevent unwanted pregnancies.
Revised on
March 12, 2023
Company announcement
THE SPERM REPORT: Legacy & Carrot survey finds looming economic stressors and uncertainty have affected family planning

THE SPERM REPORT: Legacy & Carrot survey finds looming economic stressors and uncertainty have affected family planning

Economic and health pressures are delaying family planning decisions for many people.
Revised on
March 11, 2023
Company announcement
THE SPERM REPORT: Legacy & Carrot survey reveals hormone therapy patients aren’t being informed about fertility risks

THE SPERM REPORT: Legacy & Carrot survey reveals hormone therapy patients aren’t being informed about fertility risks

Hormone therapy access is increasing, but education on its fertility impacts lags behind—explore preservation options.
Revised on
March 10, 2023
Company announcement
THE SPERM REPORT: Legacy & Carrot survey reveals a knowledge gap around age and male fertility

THE SPERM REPORT: Legacy & Carrot survey reveals a knowledge gap around age and male fertility

Understanding delayed parenthood's impact on male fertility is crucial as average parental ages rise globally.
Revised on
March 9, 2023
Company announcement
THE SPERM REPORT: Legacy & Carrot survey finds most people don’t know what affects male fertility

THE SPERM REPORT: Legacy & Carrot survey finds most people don’t know what affects male fertility

Male fertility is impacted by several factors that many don't understand, but we'll explain them here.
Revised on
March 8, 2023
Company announcement
Load more resources

Test, improve, and freeze your sperm from home.

Any clinician can send a patient to our website to order a kit. But healthcare providers in the Legacy Network can get:

Understand your fertility with the most advanced sperm analysis

Improve your sperm with science-backed supplements

Freeze your sperm with secured multi-site storage standard

Find your plan